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A tree of virtues (''arbor virtutum'') is a diagram used in medieval Christian tradition to display the relationships between virtues, usually juxtaposed with a tree of vices (''arbor vitiorum'') where the vices are treated in a parallel fashion. Together with genealogical trees, these diagrams qualify as among the earliest explicit tree-diagrams in history, emerging in the High Middle Ages.〔genealogical stemmata since at least the 11th century, the ''arbor virtutum'' since at least the 12th; see Nora Gädeke, ''Zeugnisse Bildlicher Darstellung Der Nachkommenschaft Heinrichs I'', Arbeiten zur Frühmittelalterforschung 22 (1992), p. 2. For the possibility of a genealogiacal stemma of the early 10th century, see Nora Gädeke, ''Eine Karolingergenealogie des frühen 10. Jahrhunderts?'', Francia 15 (1987), (778-792 )〕 At first appearing as illustrations in certain theological tracts, the concept becomes more popular in the Late Middle Ages and is also seen in courtly manuscripts such as the psalter of Robert de Lisle (c. 1310-1340). The nodes of the tree-diagrams are the Cardinal Virtues and the Cardinal Vices, respectively, each with a number of secondary virtues or secondary vices shown as leaves of the respective nodes. While on a tree of virtues, the leaves point upward toward heaven, on a tree of vices the leaves point downward toward hell. At the root of the trees, the virtues of ''humilitas'' "humility" and the vice of ''superbia'' "pride" is shown as the origin of all other virtues and vices, respectively. By this time, the concept of showing hierarchical concepts of medieval philosophy in diagrams also becomes more widespread. E.g. ms. Arsenal 1037 (14th century) has a tree of virtue on (fol. 4v ) and a tree of vices on (fol. 5r ) as part of a collection of diagrams on a variety of topics.〔''Septem hore canonice; Septem actus passionis Christi; Septem dona gratuita; Arbor virtutum; Arbor vicioru; Arbor sapientie; Duodecim prophete; Duodecim articuli fidei; Duodecim apostoli.''〕 In this example, the trees are also further subdivided into a ternary structure, as follows: *''humilitas radix virtutum'' * *I. ''prudentia'' (seven sub-virtues) * *II. ''fortitudo'' (seven sub-virtues) * *''semita vitalis'' * * *III. ''iustitia'' (seven sub-virtues) * * *IIII. ''temperantia'' (seven sub-virtues) * * *''fructus spiritus'' * * * *V. ''fides'' (seven sub-virtues) * * * *VI. ''spes'' (seven sub-virtues) * * * *VII. ''caritas'' (seven sub-virtues) *''superbia radix vitiorum'' * *I. ''avaritia'' (seven sub-vices) * *II. ''invidia'' (seven sub-vices) * *''semita mortis'' * * *III. ''inanis gloria'' (seven sub-vices) * * *IIII. ''ira'' (seven sub-vices) * * *''fructus carnis'' * * * *V. ''gula'' (seven sub-vices) * * * *VI. ''acedia'' (seven sub-vices) * * * *VII. ''luxuria'' (seven sub-vices) In the Italian Renaissance, Pietro Bembo developed a similar flow-chart-like "moral schema" of sins punished in Dante's ''Inferno'' and ''Purgatory''.〔 in an early edition of Dante printed by Andrea Torresani (1451-1529), Venice 1515()()()〕 ==See also== *Seven Virtues *Seven Cardinal Sins *Works of Mercy *Tree of Jesse 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tree of virtues and tree of vices」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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